BIO503 FINAL TERM PAST PAPER BY WAQAR SIDDHU

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BIO503 FINAL TERM PAST PAPER BY WAQAR SIDDHU

BIO503 FINAL TERM PAST PAPER BY WAQAR SIDDHU

 

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CS201 FINAL TERM SOLVED PAPERS BY WAQAR SIDHU.  ENG101 FINAL TERM SOLVED MCQS. CS403 CURRENT FINAL TERM PAPERS. CS101 FINAL TERM SOLVED PAPERS BY MOAAZ MEGA FILE. CS201 FINAL TERM SOLVED PAPERS BY MOAAZ MEGA FILE. CS205 FINAL TERM PAST PAPERS. CS204 FINAL TERM PAST PAPERS. CS301 FINAL TERM SOLVED PAPERS BY MOAAZ. CS304 FINAL TERM SOLVED PAPERS BY MOAAZ. CS311 FINAL TERM SOLVED PAPERS BY MOAAZ. CS401 FINAL TERM SOLVED PAPERS BY MOAAZ

 

Thousands and thousands of individuals, together with well-known athletes akin to hockey star
Wayne Gretzky, baseball nice Hank Aaron, and Olympic decathlete
Bruce Jenner, endure from crippling arthritis. Till not too long ago, physicians
prescribed aspirin to calm the swelling that plagues arthritic joints.
Aspirin has an extended custom in medication. For hundreds of years, healers in lots of cultures knew that the bark of a willow tree had anti-inflammatory
properties that lowered swelling and ache. BIO503 FINAL TERM PAST PAPER BY WAQAR SIDDHU

In 1829, German chemists remoted the
energetic ingredient in willow bark, and later in that century others modified it chemically to make an much more efficient drug—aspirin. Whereas this drug was efficient,
it had a number of damaging negative effects, akin to extreme abdomen irritation and lowered
blood clotting. BIO503 FINAL TERM PAST PAPER BY WAQAR SIDDHU

It was solely when biochemists found how aspirin works that its helpful
and undesirable results could possibly be defined. They found that aspirin binds to
and provides an acetyl group to a specific amino acid (a serine) in a protein referred to as
cyclooxygenase, or COX. The conventional function of COX within the physique is to behave as an enzyme:
a catalyst to hurry up the conversion of a linear
fatty acid to a hoop construction. BIO503 FINAL TERM PAST PAPER BY WAQAR SIDDHU

The fatty acid enters a
channel within the enzyme macromolecule, the place it undergoes a selected chemical conversion, then departs from the enzyme. The ring type of the fatty
acid stimulates irritation in joints, repairs harm within the abdomen wall, and helps blood clotting.
When the serine residue in COX is acetylated by reactions with aspirin, the enzyme not speeds
the manufacturing of the ring construction. With out COX,
the formation of the ring construction nonetheless happens, however
at an exceedingly sluggish fee. So when COX is inhibited by aspirin, irritation of joints is lowered, however abdomen harm and a discount in
blood clotting additionally happen.

The search went on for a “higher” anti-inflammatory drug: one that will block COX solely within the
joints. Through the Nineteen Nineties, biochemists hit paydirt.
They discovered that there are literally two COX enzymes, one which acts within the abdomen and blood cells
(COX-1) and one other that acts within the joints (COX-2).
After they decided the first constructions of
these two enzymes, they discovered that just one amino
acid differs between them: COX-1 has a cumbersome.

 

 

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